Entrenamiento con sobrecarga, duración de la repetición e hipertrofia: una revisión de la literatura / Resistance training, repetition duration and hypertrophy: a literature review

RESUMEN En el contexto del entrenamiento con sobrecargas, la duración de la repetición (tempo) hace referencia al tiempo total que dura una sola repetición dentro de una serie de un ejercicio, siendo el resultado de la suma entre la fase concéntrica, isométrica y excéntrica del levantamiento (o viceversa, dependiendo del ejercicio). Ha existido controversia los últimos años respecto a la duración de la repetición (y sus fases) y su impacto en la hipertrofia. El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar los efectos de programas de entrenamiento donde se hayan comparado distintos tempos de levantamiento y su impacto en la hipertrofia. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura en la base de datos electrónica Pubmed, con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: i) programas de entrenamiento que induzcan fallo volitivo, ii) que los estudios se hayan realizado bajo acciones dinámicas y con ≥4 semanas de intervención y iii) que los sujetos de estudio sean mayores de 18 años hasta mediana edad. De un total de 473 estudios, cuatro fueron incluidos, donde participaron 113 sujetos (79 hombres y 34 mujeres) y los tempos utilizados variaron entre 1.5 y 90 segundos, con menores tempos asociados a mayor efecto hipertrófico. Un tiempo entre 2 y 6 segundos sería efectivo para inducir adaptaciones hipertróficas.

ABSTRACT In overload training the duration of the repetition (tempo) refers to the total time that a single repetition lasts within a set, the result being the sum between the concentric, isometric and eccentric phases of the lift (or vice versa depending on the exercise). There has been controversy in recent years regarding the duration of the repetition (and its phases) and its impact on muscle hypertrophy. The objective of this review was to analyze the effects of training programs and compare the different lifting tempos and their impact on hypertrophy. A literature search was carried out in the Pubmed electronic database, with the following inclusion criteria: i) training programs that induce volitional failure, ii) studies had been carried out under dynamic actions and with ≥4 weeks of intervention, and iii) study subjects are older than 18 years old to middle age. Of a total of 473 studies, four were included, where, 113 subjects (79 men and 34 women) participated and the tempos varied between 1.5 and 90 seconds, with lower tempos associated with a greater hypertrophic effect. A tempo between 2 and 6 seconds would be effective in inducing hypertrophic adaptations.

Anatomia radiológica vascular e desenvolvimento de plataformas de ensino interativo / Vascular radiological anatomy and the development of interactive teaching platforms

Anatomia e Radiologia são disciplinas amplamente presentes nas grades curriculares de cursos da área da saúde. A interseção entre a Anatomia Radiológica e as tecnologias recentes, como plataformas de ensino interativo, caracteriza-se como uma tendência a ser seguida na esfera educacional, sendo as implicações desse processo ainda não muito debatidas. O Departamento de Anatomia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora iniciou o desenvolvimento de um atlas de anatomia vascular radiológica, o qual apresenta versões impressa e interativa. Possui imagens de angiotomografias computadorizadas feitas em aparelhos multislice de 16 a 128 canais, sendo as imagens de arquivo pessoal dos organizadores. O atlas promove a identificação das estruturas vasculares em questão e propicia a integração do conhecimento adquirido em salas de aula com a visualização de exames de imagem complementares rotineiros. A indiscutível presença de exames de imagem adicionais na rotina dos profissionais da saúde atuais faz com que seja válida a estratégia de integração entre o método tradicional de ensino e as práticas ativas de aprendizagem, as quais vêm ganhando destaque recentemente, devido a sua efetividade na fixação de conhecimentos.

Anatomy and Radiology are subjects widely present in health courses at universities. The intersection between Radiological Anatomy and recent technologies, such as interactive teaching platforms, is characterized as a tendency to be followed in the educational sphere, and the implications of this process are not much debated. The Department of Anatomy of Juiz de Fora Federal University has begun the development of an atlas of radiological vascular anatomy, which features printed and interactived versions. It presents computed tomography images taken on multislice devices from 16 to 128 channels, and the images are from the personal authors' archives. The Radiologic Vascular Atlas provides the identification of vascular structures in study and makes easier the integration of knowledge acquired in classrooms with the visualization of routine complementary imaging exams. The indisputable presence of complementary imaging examinations in the routine of current health professionals makes valid the strategy of integration between the traditional teaching method and active learning practices, which have recently gained prominence, due to its effectiveness in setting knowledge.

2D browsing software and 3D PDF of canine ear based on real color sectioned images / Software de navegación 2D y PDF en 3D del oído canino basado en imágenes seccionadas en color real

Dog ear is very important because of disease vulnerability. Therefore, gross anatomy and sectional anatomy on CT and MRI of the dog ear should be mastered by veterinarian. The purpose of this research was to present the digital atlases which high quality sectioned images and 3D models of detailed structures of dog ear could be displayed freely. In the sectioned images of a female beagle, ear structures were reconstructed by surface modeling to make 3D models. The sectioned images and 3D models were put into the browsing software and PDF file, respectively. Using the browsing software and the PDF file, gross and radiological anatomy of dog ear could be learned easily and accurately. The auditory tube of a dog was placed anterior to the tympanic cavity unlike human. The tensor tympani muscle of a dog was connected to the dorsal wall of the tympanic cavity with the malleus. No remarkable difference in the auditory ossicles, semicircular ducts, facial nerve, and endolymphatic duct was observed between dogs and humans. The software and the PDF file will be provided to other researchers freely to help contribute to veterinary research and education.

La oreja del perro es importante debido a la vulnerabilidad de enfermedad. Por lo tanto, el veterinario debe conocer plenamente la anatomía macroscópica y la anatomía seccional en la TC y la RM del oído del perro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue presentar los atlas digitales que podían mostrar imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad y modelos 3D de estructuras detalladas de orejas de perro. En las imágenes seccionadas de una hembra Beagle, las estructuras de las orejas se reconstruyeron mediante modelado de superficie con el objetivo de crear modelos 3D. Las imágenes seccionadas y los modelos 3D se colocaron en un software de navegación y un archivo PDF. El uso de software de navegación y el archivo PDF permiten un aprendizaje fácil y preciso de la anatomía macroscópica y radiológica de la oreja de perro. El músculo tensor del tímpano de un perro estaba conectado a la pared dorsal de la cavidad timpánica con el martillo. No se observaron diferencias notables en los huesecillos auditivos, los conductos semicirculares, el nervio facial y el conducto endolinfático entre perros y humanos. El software y el archivo PDF estarán disponibles libremente para los investigadores para ayudar en la investigación y educación veterinaria.

New Viewpoint of Surface Anatomy Using the Curved Sectional Planes of a Male Cadaver

BACKGROUND: The curved sectional planes of the human body can provide a new approach of surface anatomy that the classical horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes cannot do. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the curved sectional planes contribute to the morphological comprehension of anatomical structures. METHODS: By stacking the sectioned images of a male cadaver, a volume model of the right half body was produced (voxel size 1 mm). The sectioned images with the segmentation data were also used to build another volume model. The volume models were peeled and rotated to be screen captured. The captured images were loaded on user-friendly browsing software that had been made in the laboratory. RESULTS: The browsing software was downloadable from the authors' homepage (anatomy.co.kr). On the software, the volume model was peeled at 1 mm thicknesses and rotated at 30 degrees. Since the volume models were made from the cadaveric images, actual colors of the structures were displayed in high resolution. Thanks to the segmentation data, the structures on the volume model could be automatically annotated. Using the software, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the cubital fossa in the upper limb region, and the femoral triangle in the lower limb region were observed to be described. CONCLUSION: For the students learning various medical procedures, the software presents the needed graphic information of the human body. The curved sectional planes are expected to be a tool for disciplinary convergence of the sectional anatomy and surface anatomy.

Rise of the Visible Monkey: Sectioned Images of Rhesus Monkey

BACKGROUND: Gross anatomy and sectional anatomy of a monkey should be known by students and researchers of veterinary medicine and medical research. However, materials to learn the anatomy of a monkey are scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to produce a Visible Monkey data set containing cross sectional images, computed tomographs (CTs), and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of a monkey whole body. METHODS: Before and after sacrifice, a female rhesus monkey was used for 3 Tesla MRI and CT scanning. The monkey was frozen and sectioned at 0.05 mm intervals for the head region and at 0.5 mm intervals for the rest of the body using a cryomacrotome. Each sectioned surface was photographed using a digital camera to obtain horizontal sectioned images. Segmentation of sectioned images was performed to elaborate three-dimensional (3D) models of the skin and brain. RESULTS: A total of 1,612 horizontal sectioned images of the head and 1,355 images of the remaining region were obtained. The small pixel size (0.024 mm × 0.024 mm) and real color (48 bits color) of these images enabled observations of minute structures. CONCLUSION: Due to small intervals of these images, continuous structures could be traced completely. Moreover, 3D models of the skin and brain could be used for virtual dissections. Sectioned images of this study will enhance the understanding of monkey anatomy and foster further studies. These images will be provided to any requesting researcher free of charge.

Advanced Sectioned Images of a Cadaver Head with Voxel Size of 0.04 mm

BACKGROUND: The sectioned images of a cadaver head made from the Visible Korean project have been used for research and educational purposes. However, the image resolution is insufficient to observe detailed structures suitable for experts. In this study, advanced sectioned images with higher resolution were produced for the identification of more detailed structures. METHODS: The head of a donated female cadaver was scanned for 3 Tesla magnetic resonance images and diffusion tensor images (DTIs). After the head was frozen, the head was sectioned serially at 0.04-mm intervals and photographed repeatedly using a digital camera. RESULTS: On the resulting 4,000 sectioned images (intervals and pixel size, 0.04 mm³; color depth, 48 bits color; a file size, 288 Mbytes), minute brain structures, which can be observed not on previous sectioned images but on microscopic slides, were observed. The voxel size of this study (0.04 mm³) was very minute compared to our previous study (0.1 mm³; resolution, 4,368 × 2,912) and Visible Human Project of the USA (0.33 mm³; resolution, 2,048 × 2,048). Furthermore, the sectioned images were combined with tractography of the DTIs to elucidate the white matter with high resolution and the actual color of the tissue. CONCLUSION: The sectioned images will be used for diverse research, including the applications for the cross sectional anatomy and three-dimensional models for virtual experiments.

Real-Color Volume Models Made from Real-Color Sectioned Images of Visible Korean

BACKGROUND: Volume models made from magnetic resonance images on computed tomographs can produce horizontal, coronal, sagittal, and oblique planes that are used widely in clinics, although detailed structures cannot be identified. Existing real color volume models are mostly commercial and their production methods have not been released. The aim of this study was to distribute free of charge, real-color volume models produced from sectioned images with the production method. METHODS: The original voxel size of sectioned images was increased appropriately so that the volume model could be handled by typical personal computers. By using Dicom Browser and MRIcroGL, the sectioned images were processed to become the volume models. RESULTS: On the MRIcroGL, the resultant volume model with the voxel size of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3 could be displayed and freely rotated. By adjusting variables of the software, desired oblique planes could be produced instantly. With overlay function, a model of segmented structure can be overlapped to the entire volume models. The sectioned images with high quality and the segmentation data of Visible Korean enabled the identification of detailed anatomical structures on the planes. CONCLUSION: The volume models can be used by medical students and doctors for learning sectional anatomy. Other researchers can utilize the method of this study to produce volume models from their own sectioned images.

Automatic 3D modeling of liver segments including segmental branches of portal triad and hepatic vein based on the sectioned-images / Modelado 3D automático de segmentos hepáticos, con las ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y la vena hepática basadas en las imágenes seccionadas

SUMMARY: The liver dimensional (3D) models, consists of eight segments including portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct), are necessary because it is difficult to dissect a liver and its inner structures. But it is difficult to produce 3D models from high resolution and color sectioned-images. This study presents automatic and accurate methods for producing liver 3D models from the sectionedimages. Based on the sectioned-images and color-filled-images of the liver, a 3D model including both the portal triad and hepatic vein was made. Referring to the 3D model, 3D models of liver's eight segments including the segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic vein were completed and saved as STL format. All STL files were combined and saved as Liver-3D in PDF format for the common user. By functional subdivision of liver, the Liver-3D was divided into left (segments II, III, and, IV) and right (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) liver in bookmark window of the PDF file. In addition, in Liver-3D, the primary to tertiary segmental branches of the portal triad could be shown in different colors. Owing to the difficulty of 3D modeling of liver including eight segments and segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic, we started this research to find automatic methods for producing 3D models. The methods for producing liver 3D models will assist in 2D selection and 3D modeling of other complicated structures.

RESUMEN: Los modelos hepáticos dimensionales (3D) consisten en ocho segmentos que incluyen la tríada portal (vena porta, arteria hepática y conducto biliar), y son necesarios ya que es difícil disecar un hígado y sus estructuras internas. Sin embargo, es difícil producir modelos 3D a partir de imágenes en alta resolución e imágenes seccionadas en color. Este estudio presenta métodos automáticos y precisos para producir modelos 3D de hígado a partir de las imágenes seccionadas. Sobre la base de las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes del hígado llenas de color, se realizó un modelo 3D que incluía tanto la tríada portal como la vena hepática. En referencia al modelo 3D, se completaron modelos 3D de los ocho segmentos del hígado que incluían las ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y la vena hepática y se guardaron como formato STL. Todos los archivos STL fueron combinados y guardados como Liver-3D en formato PDF para el usuario común. Por subdivisión funcional del hígado, el hígado-3D se dividió en hígado izquierdo (segmentos II, III y IV) y derecho (segmentos V, VI, VII y VIII) en la ventana de marcador del archivo PDF. Además, en Liver-3D, las ramas segmentarias primarias a terciarias de la tríada portal podrían mostrarse en diferentes colores. Debido a la dificultad del modelado 3D del hígado, incluidos ocho segmentos y ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y hepática, comenzamos esta investigación para encontrar métodos automáticos para producir modelos 3D. Los métodos para producir modelos 3D de hígado ayudarán en la selección 2D y el modelado 3D de otras estructuras complicadas.

Sectioned images of a cat head to contribute to learning of its sectional anatomy / Imágenes seccionadas de una cabeza de gato para contribuir al conocimiento de su anatomía seccional

The sectional anatomy of a cat head is essential when interpreting CTs and MRIs of the region. In learning the sectional anatomy, sectioned images of a cat could be quite effective data. The main objective was to assist veterinary physicians who learn the sectional anatomy of a cat head by presenting high-quality sectioned images. A short-haired female cat was frozen and sectioned frontally using a cryomacrotome. Every sectioned surface in real body color was photographed with a digital camera. The frontal planes were stacked to produce dorsal and sagittal planes. High-quality sectioned images of a cat head allowed the identification of small, complicated structures. The notable structures were as follows: each bone of the cranium, structures of the brain, tympanic cavity (larger than human), oval window (larger than human), vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, ear ossicles, six extraocular muscles, pupil (larger than human), retractor bulbi muscle (not found in human), optic nerve, olfactory bulb (considerably large), vomeronasal organ duct (not found in human), infraorbital gland (not found in human), masticatory muscles (larger than human), maxillary nerve (larger than human), and mandibular nerve. This pacesetting report describes the detailed head structures of a cat from the viewpoint of sectional anatomy. The sectioned images will be given to other interested researchers free of charge.

El conocimiento de la anatomía seccional de cabeza de gato es esencial para interpretar estudios por tomografía computada y resonancia magnética de la región. En el conocimiento de esta anatomía seccional, las imágenes seccionadas de un gato podrían aportar datos bastante efectivos. El objetivo principal consistió en ayudar a los médicos veterinarios para que aprendan la anatomía seccional de una cabeza de gato mediante la presentación de imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad. Una gata de pelo corto fue congelada y seccionada frontalmente usando un criomicrótomo. Cada sección, con el color real del cuerpo, fue fotografiada con una cámara digital. Los planos frontales se apilaron para producir planos dorsales y sagitales. Las imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad de una cabeza de gato permitieron la identificación de estructuras pequeñas y de dificil visualización. Las estructuras destacadas fueron las siguientes: cada hueso del cráneo, las estructuras del cerebro, la cavidad timpánica (más grande que en el humano), la ventana oval (más grande que en el humano), el nervio vestibular, el nervio coclear, los huesecillos del oído, seis músculos extraoculares, la pupila, el músculo retractor del ojo (no se encuentra en el ser humano), nervio óptico, bulbo olfatorio (considerablemente grande), conducto del órgano vomeronasal (no se encuentra en el ser humano), glándula infraorbitaria (no se encuentra en los humanos), músculos masticatorios (más grandes que en el humano), nervio maxilar (más grande que en el humano) y nervio mandibular. En este trabajo describimos detalladamente, desde el punto de vista de la anatomía seccional, las estructuras de la cabeza de un gato. Las imágenes seccionadas estarán a disponibles para otros investigadores en forma gratuita.

Lumbar Extensor Muscle Size and Isometric Muscle Strength in Women with Symptomatic Lumbar Degenerative Diseases

STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional design. PURPOSE: To determine the characteristics of lumbar extensor muscle (LEM) size and isometric muscle strength and examine their correlations in women with lumbar degenerative diseases (LDDs). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Many studies have evaluated the relationship between muscle size and strength, but the results have been controversial. METHODS: Seventy-four female patients (mean age, 66 years) who consecutively underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (L1–S1) were recruited. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the back extensor muscles was measured between L1–2 to L5–S1, and the total sum of the CSAs at each disc level was calculated. Back extensor muscle strength was evaluated using a MedX lumbar extension machine. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI, 0–100) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS, 0–10) of lower back pain were determined. RESULTS: The mean CSAs of the LEM at each level (L1/2–L5/S1) and the total sum were 34.3, 36.3, 35.1, 31.4, 21.9, and 156.2 cm2, respectively. The mean isometric strength at each angle (range, 0°–72°) was 32.5, 50.1, 72.0, 88.7, 100.7, 112.2, and 126.2 ft-lb, respectively. The mean ODI and VAS scores were 54.6 and 6.6, and the mean body weight and body mass index (BMI) were 59.9 kg and 24.9 kg/m2, respectively. The CSAs of the upper lumbar level (L1–4) and the total sum of the CSAs were associated with isometric strength, which was negatively correlated with patients’ age and ODI and positively associated with body weight and BMI, mainly at higher lumbar flexion angles (48°–72°). CONCLUSIONS: In women with LDD, LEM sizes of the upper lumbar levels (L1–4) were larger than those of the lower levels (L4–S1) and were positively associated with muscle strength. The upper lumbar levels in patients with LDDs appear to play a compensatory role when degenerative lesions are present in the lower lumbar levels.

Sectional anatomy study of the clivus regoin and its three dimensional reconstruction / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To study the anatomical characteristics of sectional clivus region and to provide anatomical data for the operation of the clivus regoin.Methods Continuous thin sections(transverse position and coronal position)from two head specimens were performed with freezing milling technique.Observed the anatomical relationship and anatomical characteristics of the clivus region,and finished the three dimensional reconstruction based on the data of sections.Results Totally obtained 320 transverse sections and 232 coronary sections.The related structures were described in 4 typical sections,and three dimensional reconstruction of the clivus region were produced.Conclusion Combinationof section anatomy and three dimensional reconstruction can stereoscopically display the anatomical characters of the clivus re -gion.The three dimensional models could continuously and dynamically display the anatomic structures.

Browsing software of the head sectioned images for the android mobile device / Software de navegación para el dispositivo móvil android de imágenes seccionadas de cabeza

SUMMARY: The purpose of this research was to enable anyone to learn the sectional anatomy of the head anywhere, anytime by presenting software to browse sectioned images on a Google Android mobile device. Among the 2,343 sectioned images at 0.1 mm intervals, 234 sectioned images at 1 mm intervals were chosen. The corresponding 234 segmented images containing 236 head structures were selected. The software of the mobile version was programmed and debugged in the Java programming language. The folders of the sectioned images and segmented images and the txt file of the segmentation data were arranged in the source code of the software. The software was distributed free of charge at the homepage (neuroanatomy.kr) and Google Play Store. After installing the software, the sectioned images and corresponding segmented images could be browsed by touching and swiping the screen. In the medical category of the Google Play Store, the software earned a good reputation. The software of the Android mobile version was usable regardless of the time and place. The software is under the authors' non-commercial policy. Other investigators may modify the mobile software to browse their own images. The mobile version of the software will aid medical students and doctors in learning sectional anatomy.

RESUMEN: El propósito de esta investigación fue permitir que toda persona aprendiera la anatomía de secciones de la cabeza, en cualquier lugar y en cualquier momento, a través de un software para examinar imágenes seccionadas en un dispositivo móvil Android de Google. De las 2.343 imágenes seccionadas a intervalos de 0,1 mm, se seleccionaron 234 imágenes seccionadas a intervalos de 1 mm. Se seleccionaron las 234 imágenes segmentadas que contenían 236 estructuras de cabeza. El software de la versión móvil fue programado y depurado en el lenguaje de programación Java. Las carpetas de las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes segmentadas y el archivo .txt de los datos de segmentación se organizaron en el código fuente del software. El software se distribuyó gratuitamente en la página principal (neuroanatomy.kr) y Google Play Store. Después de instalar el software, las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes segmentadas correspondientes se pueden navegar tocando y deslizando la pantalla. En la categoría médica de Google Play Store, el software obtuvo buena recepción. El software de la versión móvil de Android fue utilizado independientemente de la hora y el lugar. El software está bajo la política no comercial de los autores. Otros investigadores pueden modificar el software móvil para navegar por sus propias imágenes. La versión móvil del software ayudará a los estudiantes de medicina y los médicos en el aprendizaje de la anatomía seccional.

Opções de tratamento para a discrepância transversal da maxila no adulto / Treatment options for transverse maxillary discrepancy in the adult

Na Ortodontia atual tem-se criado diferentes opções de tratamento devido à rápida evolução de tecnologia e ferramentas de diagnóstico. Esse fato tem aumentado a abrangência de pacientes beneficiados. O tratamento ortodôntico em adultos deve ser implementado com a preocupação de oferecer maior conforto e estética. A deficiência transversal da maxila pode ser corrigida de diferentes formas com uma diversidade de aparelhos. A expansão maxilar deve ser realizada na quantidade devida para a correção e estabilidade da atresia maxilar. Sendo assim, este artigo tem o objetivo de auxiliar no diagnóstico da discrepância transversal da maxila e descrever alternativas para a expansão maxilar em pacientes adultos.(AU)

The current Orthodontics has been creating different treatment options due to the rapid evolution of technology and diagnostic tools. This fact has improved the coverage of patients benefited. Orthodontic treatment in adults should be implemented with the concern of offering greater comfort and aesthetics. Transverse maxillary deficiency can be treated with different approaches using a variety of devices. Maxillary expansion should be performed according to the necessary amount to reach correction and stability of maxillary transversal dimension. Therefore, this article aims to aid in the diagnosis of transversal maxillary discrepancy and to describe alternatives for maxillary expansion in adult patients.(AU)

Comparison of thin sectional anatomy based on the Chinese Visible Human with MRI of biceps reflection pulley / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To explore the morphologic features of the biceps reflection pulley through the comparative study of the thin sec -tional anatomy based on the Chinese Visible Human ( CVH) and MRI sectional anatomy of the biceps reflection pulley ,and to provide ima-ging anatomic data for the diagnosis of lesions .Methods The thin slices of sagittal oblique plane and coronal oblique plane by visualization -al reconstruction based on 5 data set of the Chinese visible human ( CVH) were compared with the corresponding MR images from 20 shoulder joints of the normal volunteer individuals with routine MRI ,5 shoulders without abnormalities with MR arthrography .The detailed sectional a-natomy structure of the the biceps reflection pulley was marked from the CVH ,routine MRI and MR arthrography one by one with Photoshop CS2 software.Results The main three components of the biceps reflection pulley including the coracohumeral ligament (CHL),the superior glenohumeral ligament ( SGHL) ,and the long head of the biceps tendon ( LBT) were markedly displayed on the CVH and MRI .The CHL was markedly displayed on the sagittal oblique , using plain MRI .The SGHL was markedly displayed on the CVH , especially in the transverse plane.The LBT was markedly displayed on the CVH ,especially in the coronal oblique plane parallel to the LBT .The biceps reflection pulley was markedly displayed on the sagittal oblique plane with CVH and MR arthrography .The SGHL was perpendicular to the CHL , with T-shaped link anterior to the LBT on the sagittal oblique plane .Conclusion It is complementary for MRI and CVH displaying the components of the biceps reflection pulley .The sagittal oblique plane is the best position for displaying the components and adjacent structures of the bi -ceps reflection pulley ,which provide helpful position mark for the diagnosis of the lesions in the rotator interval .

Diagnosis of frozen shoulder with the coracohumeral ligament on the coronal oblique plane by MRI / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To evaluate the diagnosis of frozen shoulder with the coracohumeral ligament on the coronal oblique plane with MRI.Methods There were 60 patients(120 shoulder joints)in control group,with 30 males and 30 females,the mean age was 50.5 years old.There were 72 shoulder joints in 72 patients of frozen shoulder group(50 femles and 22 males with a mean age of 53.5 years)with clini-cal evidence and MR imaging evidence of frozen shoulder.These were prospectively analyzed to identify the CHL visualization rate and meas-ure the maximum thickness of the CHL.Results The CHL visualization rate on the coronal oblique plane in the control group was 86.7%(104 /120),and the frozen shoulder group was 87.5%(63 /72),the difference was not significant(P >0.05).The CHL visualization rate on the axial view in the frozen shoulder group was 19.4%(14 /72)and the control group was 24.2%(29 /120),the difference was not signifi-cant(P >0.05).The CHL thickness on the coronal oblique plane (n =63)in the patients with frozen shoulder was (4.37 ±1.71)mm, which was significantly greater than (2.84 ±0.79)mm ofpatients in the control group(n =104),the difference was significant(P <0.001). The CHL thickness on the axial plane(n =14)in the patients with frozen shoulder was (3.93 ±1.49)mm,which was significantly greater than (2.29 ±0.65)mm of patients in the control group(n =29),the difference was significant(P <0.001).Conclusion A thickened CHL is highly suggestive of frozen shoulder,which is 4.37 mm on the coronal oblique plane.

Ten Triangles around Cavernous Sinus for Surgical Approach, Described by Schematic Diagram and Three Dimensional Models with the Sectioned Images

For the surgical approach to lesions around the cavernous sinus (CS), triangular spaces around CS have been devised. However, educational materials for learning the triangles were insufficient. The purpose of this study is to present educational materials about the triangles, consisting of a schematic diagram and 3-dimensional (3D) models with sectioned images. To achieve the purposes, other studies were analyzed to establish new definitions and names of the triangular spaces. Learning materials including schematic diagrams and 3D models with cadaver's sectioned images were manufactured. Our new definition was attested by observing the sectioned images and 3D models. The triangles and the four representative surgical approaches were stereoscopically indicated on the 3D models. All materials of this study were put into Portable Document Format file and were distributed freely at our homepage (anatomy.dongguk.ac.kr/triangles). By using our schematic diagram and the 3D models with sectioned images, ten triangles and the related structures could be understood and observed accurately. We expect that our data will contribute to anatomy education, surgery training, and radiologic understanding of the triangles and related structures.

Improved Sectioned Images and Surface Models of the Whole Female Body / Mejoramiento de Imágenes Seccionadas y Modelos de Superficie del Cuerpo Femenino Completo

The objective of this research was to present high-quality sectioned images of a whole female body which would be helpful in creating an atlas, virtual dissection, and various applications for medical education and clinical trial. In addition, the authors sought to demonstrate the applicabilities of sectioned images. A female cadaver was ground serially using the cryomacrotome and photographed to make the sectioned images. Structures in the images were segmented to produce segmented images in Photoshop. In the self-developed browsing software, the sectioned and segmented images were stored. Based on the segmented images, surface models were built on commercial software and saved as PDF file. High-quality sectioned images of the female body were taken (intervals, 0.2 mm or 1 mm; pixel size, 0.1 mm; color depth, 48 bit color). In the images obtained, very small and complicated structures could be identified in color of living body. In order to ascertain the applicability of the images, the browsing software including sectioned and segmented images and the PDF file including surface models were produced. The sectioned images and surface models produced during this research will prove to be a useful source for medical software. All data generated is available free of charge.

El objetivo fue presentar imágenes seccionadas en alta calidad de un cuerpo femenino que sería de gran ayuda en la creación de un atlas, en la disección virtual y en diversas aplicaciones para la educación médica y los ensayos clínicos; además, se trata de demostrar la aplicabilidad de las imágenes seccionadas. Un cadáver de sexo femenino fue seccionado en serie utilizando un criomicrótomo y luego fue fotografiado. Las estructuras en las imágenes fueron segmentadas para producir imágenes en Photoshop. En un programa de navegación de desarrollo propio se almacenaron las imágenes seccionadas y segmentadas. Basado en las imágenes segmentadas, los modelos de superficie fueron construidas en el programa y guardadas como archivo PDF. Las imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad del cuerpo femenino fueron tomadas con intervalos entre 0,2 o 1 mm; tamaño en píxeles de 0,1 mm y profundidad de color de 48 bits). En las imágenes obtenidas, las estructuras muy pequeñas y complicadas pudieron ser identificadas a color en el cuerpo. Con el fin de determinar la aplicabilidad de las imágenes, se produjo un programa de navegación que incluye imágenes seccionadas y segmentadas y el archivo PDF que incluye modelos de superficie. Las imágenes seccionadas y los modelos de superficie producidos durante esta investigación demostraron ser una fuente útil como programa médico. Todos los datos generados se encuentran disponibles gratuitamente.

Hip joint ligaments, a cadaver imaging study for education / Ligamentos de cadera, un estudio cadavérico imagenológico para educación

The stereoscopic morphology of the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments in hip joint is hard to understand, either in anatomy books or from cadaver dissection. To aid in understanding, three-dimensional models were built from the sectioned images of cadaver hip, which demonstrate fine components better than CTs and MRIs. In the female data of Visible Korean project, the ligaments and neighboring structures were recognized and outlined in detail. Successively, the outlines were stacked and reconstructed to manufacture their surface models by using the sophisticated computer method. The surface models were overlapped with the original sectioned images, which enhanced comprehension of the hip joint anatomy. With the surface models, hip joint was hyperextended to suggest the function of the ligaments. The graphic data of the surface reconstructed hip ligaments are expected to be the source of interactive simulators for anatomy and surgery of the hip joint.

La morfología estereoscópica de los ligamentos iliofemoral, pubofemoral e isquiofemoral de la articulación de la cadera es difícil de entender, ya sea a partir de lo hallado en los libros de anatomía como en la disección de cadáveres. Para ayudar en su comprensión, se construyeron modelos tridimensionales a partir de imágenes de secciones cadavéricas de la cadera, que demuestran de mejor manera los componentes finos, en comparación a las imágenes de tomografía axial computada y resonancia magnética nuclear. En los datos obtenidos del "Visible Korean Project", correspondientes a mujeres, los ligamentos de la articulación y sus estructuras vecinas fueron reconocidos y descritos en detalle. Sucesivamente, se identificaron los contornos y se reconstruyeron para la fabricación de modelos de superficie, mediante el uso de un sofisticado método informático. Los modelos de superficie se asociaron con las imágenes de sección originales, que aumentaron la comprensión de la anatomía de la articulación de la cadera. En los modelos de superficie se provocó la hipertensión de la articulación de la cadera para permitir evidenciar la función de los ligamentos. Se espera que los datos gráficos obtenidos de los modelos de superficie de los ligamentos de la cadera sirvan como fuente para el desarrollo de simuladores interactivos que permitan el estudio de la anatomía y la cirugía de la articulación de la cadera.

Anatomía microquirúrgica en 3D de la superficie cerebral / Microsurgical anatomy in 3D of the brain cortex

Introducción: El estudio de la superficie externa del cerebro es analizado desde diferentes puntos espaciales, es decir unasuperficie lateral, medial y basal. La superficie lateral del cerebro se distingue por la presencia de dos puntos de referencia quedividen a cada hemisferio cerebral en lóbulos. Estos dos puntos son la fisura de Silvio (fisura lateral) y el surco de Rolando (surcocentral). Estos dos surcos dividen a cada hemisferio en lóbulo frontal (superior a la fisura de Silvio y anterior al surco de Rolando),el lóbulo temporal (inferior a la fisura de Silvio) y lóbulo parietal (superior a la fisura de Silvio y posterior al surco de Rolando). Ellóbulo occipital se ubica por detrás del surco parietooccipital, y el lóbulo de la ínsula que se sitúa en la profundidad de la fisurade Silvio. Objetivo: Describir la anatomía Microquirúrgica de la superficie cerebral en imágenes estereoscópicas anaglíficas tridimensionales.Material y Métodos: La superficie cerebral fue examinada en 30 cerebros humanos con la ayuda de microscopioquirúrgico D.F. Vasconcellos M900 con una magnificación de 16x y 40x, el equipo fotográfico marca Nikon modelo D60, lenteAF-S VR Micro-Nikkor 105 mm f/2.8G IF-ED de Nikon, instrumental de microcirugía y sistema de vernier calibrado en décimasde milímetros. Resultados: La superficie cerebral de cada hemisferio esta dividida por medio de la fisura de Silvio y el surco deRolando en; Lóbulo frontal que se localiza superior a la fisura de Silvio y anterior al surco de Rolando, el lóbulo temporal que sesitúa inferior a la fisura de Silvio, lóbulo parietal de localización superior a la fisura de Silvio y posterior al surco de Rolando, el lóbulooccipital se ubica por detrás del surco parietooccipital. En la profundidad de la fisura de Silvio se encuentra el lóbulo de la ínsula...

Introduction: Brain cortex is studied from different views: lateral, medial and basal surfaces. The brain lateral surface is distinguished by the presence of referential points and sulci. Those specific surgical points consist of the Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure) and the Rolandic sulcus (central sulcus). Those sulci divide each hemisphere in frontal lobe (superior to the Sylvian fissure and anterior to the Rolandic sulcus), temporal lobe (inferior to the Sylvian fissure), and parietal lobe (superior to the Sylvian fissure and posterior to the Rolandic sulcus). The occipital lobe is located posteriorly to the parietooccipital sulci, and the insular lobe is located deep into the Sylvian fissure. Objetive: To describe the microsurgical anatomy of the brain cortex in tridimensional surface imaging reconstruction. Material and Methods: Human cadaveric speciments of 30 human brains were studied through the surgical microscopy D.F. Vasconcellos M900, 16x and 40x magnification, Nikon D60 camera, AF-S VR Micro-Nikkor 105 mm f/2.8G IF-ED lens, and microsurgical instruments. Results: Brain surface is divided in each hemisphere basically through the Sylvian fissure and the Rolandic sulcus in frontal lobe, superiorly to the to the Sylvian fissure and anteriorly to the Rolandic sulcus, temporal lobe, inferiorly to the Sylvian fissure, parietal lobe, superiorly to the Sylvian fissure and posteriorly to the Rolandic sulci, and occipital lobe behind the parietooccipital sulci. Deep into the Sylvian fissure is located the insular lobe...

Digital anatomy of nucleus accumbens in the human brain / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the locating, parameter measurement and 3D display of nucleus accumbens in human brain in terms of digital anatomy .Methods The raw data of the head specimen of a 45-year-old male adult with 0.5mm as the section spacing was collected by using digital milling machine .Three hundreds images of continual cross sections containing brain were chosen and the segmentation of the caudate nucleus , putamen and nucleus accumbens was accomplished with Photoshop CS .The nucleus accumbens on the images of continual coronal section reconstruction were distinguished according to Harvard Medical School ’ s segment method to calculate the volume of nucleus accumbens and collect the correlative location information .The caudate nucleus , putamen and nucleus accumbens were 3D visualize with the software of Amira 3.1.1.Results The nucleus accumbens , the adjoining structure and the lesion target of nucleus accumbens were all clearly visible .The left nucleus accumbens volume was 972.5mm3 , and the right was 830.6mm3 .The 3D coordinate value was the left ( -11.0, 24.4, 1.3) and the right (9.3, 23.9, 1.7).Conclusion The digital anatomy of nucleus accumbens can distinctly display the nucleus accumbens , form and confirm it ’ s volume, location and adjoining area , which is useful to clinician .